Who's Playing ELPHABA in "Wicked" in the U.S., Australia, England, Germany, and Japan in 2010?

77

By Derdriu

"WICKED" IN 2010

In 2010 there are eight venues worldwide for replicated productions of the hit Broadway musical, "Wicked," by Stephen Schwartz (born March 6, 1948) and Winnie Holzman (born 1954).

Four venues are in the United States: Broadway; First National Tour; San Francisco, California; Second National Tour. The musical closed in San Francisco on September 5, 2010.

Four venues are outside the United States: Sydney, Australia; London, England; Oberhausen, Germany; Stuttgart, Germany; Osaka, Japan. The musical closed in Sydney on September 26, 2010 and in Stuttgart on January 29, 2010.

Described as "the most significant musical of the decade" by Charles Isherwood in The New York Times, global ticket sales exceeded over $1.9 billion by mid-June 2010. The enchanting musical has surpassed box office records everywhere. In the first week of its run in San Francisco in 2009, ticket sales for "Wicked" grossed $1,459,610.50, thereby breaking the previous record set by "The Phantom of the Opera" ("Cue the Chorus: The Musical Endures," The New York Times, December 30, 2009; "OMG, New Witches for Wicked! Marcie Dodd and Alli Mauzey to Start June 29th," San Francisco Citizen, June 17, 2010).

PLEASE NOTE:

All venues for Elphaba in 2010 are covered in this hub. The sections for each venue include tables with regularly updated information on principals, alternates, standbys, and understudies along with their start dates.

ELPHABA IN THE U.S. IN 2010

In 2010, there have been eight principal singers in the coveted role of Elphaba in the United States: Jackie Burns, Marcie Dodd, Eden Espinosa, Mandy Gonzalez, Vicki Noon, Dee Roscioli, Donna Vivino, and Teal Wicks.

Jackie Burns debuted on the First National Tour on July 8, 2010 at The Hobby Center for the Performing Arts in Houston, Texas. In her debut, Jackie was joined by Chandra Lee Schwartz as Glinda and Richard H. Blake as Fiyero. Two months later Jackie received glowing reviews for her performance at the Boston Opera House. Boston Globe reviewer Don Aucoin praised Jackie's performance as easily measuring "broom to broom" with the Tony-winning portrayals by Idina Menzel, who originated the role on Broadway (Don Aucoin, "'Wicked" Tough to Beat, As Is Its Star," The Boston Globe, September 4, 2010) http://www.boston.com/ae/theater_arts/articles/2010/09/04/wicked_tough_to_beat_as_is_its_star/

Marcie Dodd hails from Yuba City in northern California. Marcie originated the role of Elphaba on the first preview of the Second National Tour on March 7, 2009 at the Barbara B. Mann Performing Arts Hall in Fort Myers, Florida. She stayed on the tour until Vicki Noon replaced her on April 6, 2010. Several months later on June 29, 2010, Marcie took over the role from Eden Espinosa at the Orpheum Theatre in San Francisco and closed the musical's hit run there on September 5, 2010. In San Francisco, Marcie was joined by Alli Mauzey as Glinda and Cliffton Hall as Fiyero.

The commitment of Eden Espinosa to "Wicked" has been shown throughout the musical's 7-year history. After a break from "Wicked" throughout most of 2009, Eden returned to the role on June 26, 2010 at the Orpheum Theatre in San Francisco. The Anaheim, California native was joined by Kendra Kassebaum as Glinda and Nicolas Dromard as Fiyero.

On March 23, 2010 Mandy Gonzalez succeeded long-time favorite Dee Roscioli as the captivating Elphaba at the Gershwin Theatre on Broadway. Mandy was joined on Broadway by Katie Rose Clarke as Glinda and Andy Karl as Fiyero. The Los Angeles native had a dream of performing on Broadway and made her Broadway debut in 2001 as Idina Menzel's standby for the role of Amneris in Elton John and Tim Rice's "Aida." In 2003 Mandy became the principal for the role of Amneris. Mandy's path to Elphaba also included noteworthy performances in both the Off-Broadway (2007) and Broadway (2008) productions of "In The Heights" and in the Off-Broadway musical, "Eli's Comin" in 2001.

Born in Tucson, Arizona, Vicki Noon grew up Newcastle, Washington (less than 10 miles southeast of Seattle). Vicki's involvement with "Wicked" dates back to the musical's Chicago production in 2008. On April 6, 2010, Vicki succeeded Marcie Dodd on the Second National Tour, debuting in the lead role for that production at the Stranahan Theater in Toledo, Ohio. Vicki was joined by Natalie Daradich as Glinda and Chris Peluso as Fiyero. Vicki and Natalie both had the lead standby roles of Elphaba and Glinda, respectively, in the original cast of the San Francisco production in 2009.

Dee Roscioli

(CC BY-SA 3.0)
(CC BY-SA 3.0)

Dee Roscioli hails from Easton, Pennsylvania. Dee's involvement with "Wicked" dates back to 2006 in the Chicago production, where she succeeded Kristy Cates as standby when Kristy took over as Elphaba from Ana Gasteyer. Like Vicki Noon, Dee's previous experience included the national tour of "Cats." Dee played Grizabella from 2002 to 2003 while Vicki played Demeter in 2005. Dee took over the coveted role of Elphaba on Broadway in 2009 and remained in that role until passing the torch to Mandy Gonzalez on March 23, 2010.

Donna Vivino grew up in Fair Lawn, in northeastern New Jersey. Donna's involvement with "Wicked" has been exclusively on the First National Tour. Donna secured the role of standby on October 30, 2007. A little over a year later, on November 5, 2008, Donna took over as lead Elphaba. On her website, Donna shared that her pre-show ritual included running for about an hour and a half on a treadmill and then afterwards doing vocal warmups for 30 minutes. (http://www.donnavivino.com/faq.php)

Teal Wicks

Wickedly spice5 (CC BY-SA 3.0)
Wickedly spice5 (CC BY-SA 3.0)

Born in Sacramento, Teal Wicks was blessed to be involved in both of the hugely successful California productions of "Wicked." Teal officially started as the standby in Los Angeles on New Year's Day 2008. Teal opened the San Francisco production on January 27, 2009. Apart from a temporary absence for a month and a half, Teal remained in the role until Eden Espinosa took over on March 2, 2010.

BROADWAY

first preview 
opening night 
venue 
October 8, 2003 
October 30, 2003 
George Gershwin Theatre 

Principal Singers as Elphaba on Broadway in 2010

singer 
start date 
birthdate 
notes
Dee Roscioli 
July 21, 2009 
July 20, 1977 
replacement of Nicole Parker
Mandy Gonzalez 
March 23, 2010 
 
 

Standby Singers as Elphaba on Broadway in 2010

standby 
start date 
notes
Jennifer DiNoia 
December 18, 2009 
return to role after temporary replacement by Julie Reiber

Understudy Singers as Elphaba on Broadway in 2010

understudy 
start date 
notes 
Chelsea Krombach 
July 21, 2009 
return to role after temporary replacement by Maria Eberline 
Stephanie Torns 
January 26, 2010 
 

FIRST NATIONAL TOUR

first preview 
opening night 
first venue 
March 9, 2005 
March 21, 2005 
Canon Theatre, Toronto, Canada 

Singers as Elphaba on First National Tour in 2010

singer 
start date 
birthdate 
notes
Donna Vivino 
November 5, 2008
February 22, 1978 
replacement of Carmen Cusack
Jackie Burns 
July 8, 2010 
 
 

Standby Singers as Elphaba on First National Tour in 2010

standby 
start date 
notes 
Merideth Kaye Clark 
November 5, 2008 
replacement of Donna Vivino 
Mariand Torres 
May 11, 2010 
 

SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA [Closed]

first preview 
opening night 
closing night 
venue
January 27, 2009 
February 6, 2009 
September 5, 2010 
Orpheum Theatre

Principal Singers as Elphaba in San Francisco in 2010

singer 
start date 
birthdate 
notes
Teal Wicks 
May 2, 2009 
 
return to role after temporary replacement by Vicki Noon
Eden Espinosa 
March 2, 2010 
February 2, 1978 
 
Marcie Dodd 
June 29, 2010 
March 10, 1978 
 

Standby Singers as Elphaba in San Francisco in 2010

standby 
start date 
birthdate 
notes
Vicki Noon 
May 2, 2009 
1985 
return to role after temporary replacement by Merideth Kaye Clark
Carrie Manolakos 
March 9, 2010 
 
 
Felicia Ricci 
March 30, 2010 
 
 

Understudy Singers as Elphaba in San Francisco in 2010

understudy 
start date 
Angel Reda
January 27, 2009 
Felicia Ricci 
February 5, 2010 
Alyssa Fox 
March 30, 2010 

SECOND NATIONAL TOUR

first preview 
opening night 
first venue 
March 7, 2009 
March 12, 2009 
Barbara B. Mann Performing Arts Hall, Fort Myers, Florida 

Principal Singers as Elphaba on Second National Tour in 2010

singer 
start date 
birthdate 
Marcie Dodd 
March 7, 2009 
March 10, 1978 
Vicki Noon 
April 6, 2010 
1985 

Standby Singers as Elphaba on Second National Tour in 2010

standby 
start date 
Carrie Manolakos 
March 7, 2009 
Anne Brummel 
March 10, 2010 

Understudy Singers as Elphaba on Second National Tour in 2010

understudy 
start date 
notes 
Anne Brummel
April 21, 2009
replacement of Natalie Weiss 
Christine Dwyer 
March 10, 2010 
 

AUSTRALIA

By November 2010, "Wicked" had enchanted Australians for almost two and a half years. First opening in Melbourne on June 27, 2008, the production shifted to Sydney on September 5, 2009. September 26, 2010 was closing night in Sydney. Three singers took their turns shining in the lead role in 2010: Jemma Rix, Pippa Grandison, and Patrice Tipoki.

Born on the Central Coast in the state of New South Wales, Australia, Jemma moved to Osaka, Japan, where she was signed on by Universal Studios Japan in July 2006 to play Elphaba in a non-replicated production of "Wicked." Jemma had to learn Japanese because this production is performed mainly in Japanese, although songs such as "Defying Gravity," "Popular," and "Wizard and I" are sung in English. Jemma returned to Australia to serve as standby in the Melbourne production, which previewed on June 27, 2008. Jemma moved from standby to lead on November 5, 2009 in the Sydney production. Jemma closed the Sydney production on Sunday, September 26, 2010.

Patrice Tipoki understudied in the Melbourne production from its preview on June 27, 2008 until Zoe Gertz took over on June 17, 2009. From December 17, 2009 until May 23, 2010, Patrice acted as an emergency cover for standby Jennifer DiNoia and lead Jemma Rix. Beginning on May 25, 2010, Patrice shared the lead role with Jemma Rix. Previously Patrice performed from 2006 to 2008 in Girlband, a pop group, with three other members (Renee Armstrong, Renee Bargh, and Jessica Smith). "Party Girl," the band's first single, was released on October 7, 2006. Patrice graduated from Western Australia Academy of Performing Arts.

Born in Perth, the capital of the state of Western Australia, Pippa Grandison originally served as a temporary replacement for Amanda Harrison, beginning on December 17, 2009, by sharing the role with Jemma Rix. On February 9, 2010, Pippa officially replaced Amanda, whose illness precluded her return to the role. Pippa and Jemma alternated the lead for the rest of the "ozsome" run of the musical in Sydney. Pippa's previous experience included television, film, and musical theatre.

"Wicked" has experienced phenomenal success in Australia. After its first month in Sydney, the box office record at the Capitol Theatre was smashed with one week's gross ticket sales of $1,473,775.70. A rarity occurred on May 11, 2010 with the purchase of the millionth ticket, as historically selling over a million tickets is rare in Australian show business. John Frost, Australian co-producer of "Wicked," noted that "Australians have taken WICKED to their hearts" ("Sydney Says Goodbye to Wicked Today," September 26, 2010, http://www.wickedthemusical.com.au/news/article_sydneyfinal.html).

Australians now eagerly await the Australian Tour, which previews on January 11, 2011. Jemma Rix is set to reprise the role of Elphaba. She will be joined by Lucy Durack, reprising the role of Glinda from both the Melbourne and Sydney productions.

SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA

first preview 
opening night 
closing night 
venue
September 5, 2009 
September 12, 2009 
September 26, 2010 
The Capitol Theatre

Principal Singers as Elphaba in Sydney in 2010

singer 
start date 
birthdate
notes 
Jemma Rix 
November 5, 2009 
December 25, 1984
replacement of Amanda Harrison 
Pippa Grandison 
December 17, 2009 
September 12, 1970 
sharing of role with Jemma Rix 
Patrice Tipoki 
May 25, 2010 
 
replacement of  Pippa Grandison as 2nd Elphaba

Standby Singers as Elphaba in Sydney in 2010

standby 
start date 
birthdate
notes 
Jemma Rix 
November 5, 2009 
December 25, 1984
replacement of Jennifer DiNoia 
Patrice Tipoki 
December 17, 2009-May 23, 2010 
 
on-call third cover for Elphaba 

Understudy Singers as Elphaba in Sydney in 2010

understudy 
start date 
notes 
Zoe Gertz 
September 5, 2009 
 
Justine Puy 
August 3, 2010 
became 2nd understudy 

ENGLAND

The first replicated production of "Wicked" outside of the United States took place in London, England with the first preview on September 7, 2006. Over four years later in 2010, this West End venue continues to attract record audiences and enjoy amazing success.

Two singers in the lead role have contributed to this phenomenon: Alexia Khadime and Rachel Tucker.

Alexia Khadime

Daniel Kruczynski (CC BY-SA 2.0)
Daniel Kruczynski (CC BY-SA 2.0)

Alexia Khadime

A native Londoner, Alexia Khadime joined "Wicked" on June 9, 2008 to replace Kerry Ellis during Kerry's portrayal of Elphaba across the pond on Broadway. Kerry returned to the West End production on December 1, 2008, remaining in the role until Alexia took over again on May 11, 2009. Alexia played Elphaba until Rachel Tucker took over on March 29, 2010. Alexia's previous experience included television and such theatrical productions as "The Lion King" and "Whistle Down the Wind.

Rachel Tucker

After becoming engaged on Valentine's Day, 2008, Rachel Tucker returned to her hometown of Belfast, Northern England in September 2009 to marry theatre director Guy Retallack in St. Anne's Cathedral. Less than half a year later Rachel secured the lead role of Elphaba on March 29, 2010. Rachel is expected to remain in the role through December 10, 2011. Rachel wet her feet in the musical world by performing at age 15 in a group with her father and her sister called Tucker Kelly and the Kelstar. In 2008 Rachel was one of twelve finalists in the BBC talent show, "I'd Do Anything" in which Rachel lasted to the semi-finals and was eliminated by English musical theatre composer Andrew Lloyd Webber's decision in favor of her competitor, Samantha Barks.

LONDON, ENGLAND

first preview 
opening night 
venue 
September 7, 2006 
September 27, 2006 
Apollo Victoria Theatre 

Principal Singers as Elphaba in London in 2010

singer 
start date 
birthdate 
notes
Alexia Khadime 
May 11, 2009 
June 9, 1984 
replacement of Kerry Ellis
Rachel Tucker 
March 29, 2010 
May 29, 1981 
 

Standby Singers as Elphaba in London in 2010

standby 
start date 
notes 
Ashleigh Gray 
June 9, 2008 
replacement of Cassidy Janson 
Nikki Davis-Jones 
March 29, 2010 
 

Understudy Singers as Elphaba in London in 2010

understudy 
start date 
notes 
Sabrina Carter
June 9, 2008 
replacement of Ashleigh Gray 
Stevie Tate-Bauer 
March 29, 2010 
 

GERMANY

In Germany, the musical is entitled "Wicked: Die Hexen Von Oz," which translates as "Wicked: The Witches of Oz."

Elphaba has become the signature role of Willemijan Verkaik, who has led in both productions, first in Stuttgart and now in Oberhausen. Closing night in Stuttgart took place on January 29, 2010. The last three weeks there saw Elphaba in the capable voice of Roberta Valentini, who had been Willemijn's alternate since November 12, 2008. Willemijn's last performance in Stuttgart was on January 6, 2010 as Willemijn was committed to performing in the "Best of Musical - Gala 2010" Tour. The successful tour visited Germany's twelve largest cities from January through early March 2010. The tour featured highlights from the most popular musicals performed by the originators of favorite roles in the original musical productions. In addition to "Wicked: The Witches of Oz," highlights were included from such other hits as "Tarzan," "Ich War Noch Niemals in New York" ("I've Never Been to New York"), and "Der König der Löwen" (The Lion King").

Born in Son en Breugel in the southern Netherlands, Willemijn grew up in nearby Nuenen, which is famous for Vincent Van Gogh's two year residence there from 1883 to 1885. Willemijn attended the famed Rotterdam Conservatory (Rotterdams Conservatorium) in the western Netherlands.

Roberta was born in the south central German city of Nuremberg (Nürnberg). Founded in the eleventh century, Nuremburg has a long history of contributions not only to music but also to astronomy, printing, and publishing. Nuremburg has been famous since the middle ages for its master singers (Minnesänger) which emerged as a highly regarded guild, the Master Singers (Meistersinger), in the Renaissance. Roberta's devotion to German musical theatre certainly upholds this tradition of master singing.

The lively city of Oberhausen in northwestern Germany serves as an enthusiastic venue for the musical. On a separate diversionary note of interest, Oberhausen was the home of Paul the Octopus in the city's Sea Life Centre. Paul achieved international fame for accurate predictions of Germany's match outcomes in the 2010 World Cup and of the final Cup winning team, Spain. Paul's predictions were determined according to his selection of his favorite food, mussels, from a choice of two boxes distinguished by flags for upcoming match contenders. For the final match on July 11, 2010, Paul ate from the Spanish flag box before the Dutch flag box. Paul retired from predicting on July 12 and for the next three and a half months enchanted visitors of all ages with his easygoing, intelligent disposition. Paul passed away recently on October 26, and his cremated remains were buried at the Centre.

Just as cosmopolitan Oberhausen has taken to a green, misunderstood, and reviled girl, the city also opened its heart to a lovable octopus which demonstrated with great dignity and charm that beauty takes many forms in this amazing world and that in some instances a seemingly gangly, rather scary and slimy appearance may easily be viewed completely differently from the positive perspective of familiarity and understanding.

Paul the Psychic Octopus, July 6, 2010, Oberhausen

July 6, 2010 Photo by Tilla, "Oktopus-Orakel Paul mit Schuh" ("Animal Oracle Paul the Octopus with a Shoe")
July 6, 2010 Photo by Tilla, "Oktopus-Orakel Paul mit Schuh" ("Animal Oracle Paul the Octopus with a Shoe")

Selection of Spanish Flag Food Container by Paul the Octopus

July 9, 2010 Photo by Jeff Swicord for Voice of America news video, 2010 FIFA World Cup Final
July 9, 2010 Photo by Jeff Swicord for Voice of America news video, 2010 FIFA World Cup Final

OBERHAUSEN, GERMANY

first preview 
opening night 
venue 
March 5, 2010 
March 8, 2010 
Metrenom Theater 

Principal Singers as Elphaba in Oberhausen in 2010

singer 
start date 
birthdate 
notes
Roberta Valentini
March 5, 2010
August 30, 1981
first preview performance by alternate due to schedule conflict for Willemijn Verkaik
Willemijn Verkaik 
March 9, 2010 
June 16, 1975 
return to role for opening night

Alternate Singers as Elphaba in Oberhausen in 2010

alternate 
start date 
birthdate 
notes
Roberta Valentini 
March 5, 2010 
August 30, 1981 
 
Sabrina Weckerlin 
August-September 2010 
February 8, 1986 
temporary on-call third cover for Elphaba

Understudy Singers as Elphaba in Oberhausen in 2010

understudy 
start date 
Melanie Gebhard 
March 5, 2010 

STUTTGART, GERMANY [Closed]

first preview 
opening night 
closing night 
venue
November 1, 2007 
November 15, 2007 
January 29, 2010 
Palladium Theater

Principal Singers as Elphaba in Stuttgart in 2010

singer 
start date 
birthdate 
Willemijn Verkaik 
November 1, 2007 
June 16, 1975 
Roberta Valentini 
January 7, 2010 
August 30, 1981 

Alternate Singers as Elphaba in Stuttgart in 2010

alternate 
start date 
birthdate 
notes
Roberta Valentini 
November 12, 2008 
August 30, 1981 
replacement of Sabrina Weckerlin

Understudy Singers as Elphaba in Stuttgart in 2010

understudy 
start date 
notes 
Melanie Gebhard
November 12, 2008 
replacement of Roberta Valentini
Maria Walter 
November 12, 2008 
additional understudy 

JAPAN

"Wicked" has enjoyed incredible success in Japan, where replicated and non-replicated productions are showcased.

The current venue in Osaka continues the wave of popularity that began with the first Japanese venture in Tokyo in 2007.

Ebata Masae closed the Tokyo run September 6, 2009. A little over a month later, on October 9, 2009, she opened in Osaka. In 2010 Chiaki Kimura succeeded Ebata Masae in the role.

Information on "Wicked" in Japan is rather difficult to locate. Specific information on cast replacement history is elusive. My efforts continue to identify accurate, reliable sources for this valuable information.

In the meantime, "Wicked" fans may rest assured that the musical has been enthusiastically embraced by the land of the rising sun.

OSAKA, JAPAN

first preview 
opening night 
closing night 
venue
October 9, 2009 
October 11, 2009 
February 13, 2011 
Osaka Shiki Theatre

Principal Singers as Elphaba in Osaka in 2010

singer 
Ebata Masae 
Chiaki Kimura

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented photographers who make their fine images available on the internet:

*** Wickedly spice5 for February 21, 2010 photo of Teal Wicks (Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license)

*** Daniel Kruczynski for November 22, 2009 photo of Alexia Khadime (Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.0 Generic license)

The Wicked Witch of the West:  a witch, unnamed by her creator, L. Frank Baum, in original Oz stories, who became known as Elphaba in Gregory Maguire's tale, upon which "Wicked the Musical" is based
The Wicked Witch of the West: a witch, unnamed by her creator, L. Frank Baum, in original Oz stories, who became known as Elphaba in Gregory Maguire's tale, upon which "Wicked the Musical" is based

Copyright

Copyright Monday, September 27, 2010 by Derdriu

Comments

stessily profile image

stessily Level 8 Commenter 4 months ago

Deedee, Thank you for presenting this information so clearly and thoroughly! There is so much talent in this musical, and it's talent that has been sustained since the beginning. I can feel the enthusiasm and dedication of these performers and of the musical's creators as I read about them.

All the votes. Lovely images, accurate research, engaging writing style, clear presentation!

Greensleeves Hubs profile image

Greensleeves Hubs Level 6 Commenter 3 months ago

This is not fair! I've been thinking for the past 3 weeks that your first ever HubPage deserves a comment and then your sister goes and beats me to it.

Sadly, I'd never heard of 'Elphaba' or 'Wicked' or Stephen Schwartz or Winnie Holzman, or indeed the singers you mention. Oh dear. So not much I can say about it really except that the research was excellent and meticulous, and even if the productions are now closed, it will serve as a record of the shows for posterity.

On a very different note, I always wondered if Paul the Octopus made his predictions based on colour? The Spanish and German flags on the food boxes are predominantly bright yellow and red, and all but one of his predictions were for these teams. (The only exception was a match in which he inexplicably picked Serbia against Germany, and Serbia won that game). But given that Spain and Germany were 2 of the more successful teams (winner and third place), picking on the basis of the flag colours on the boxes would have been quite a successful policy to follow. Just a theory - probably wrong!

Derdriu profile image

Derdriu Hub Author 3 months ago

Stessily, Gregory Maguire came up with such a unique perspective on goings on in Oz that Stephen Schwartz and Winnie Holzman had mighty weights on their shoulders in terms of the music, vocals and words. "Wicked" meets with deservedly resounding successes worldwide. Expert professional input provided the form and content whose win-win manifestations are ensured by all involved in each live performance throughout the world. Me too, I find "Wicked" a wonderfully winning combination of enthusiasm and expertise.

Thank you for the visit, the votes, the wise insights, and the kind enthusiasm.

Respectfully, Derdriu

Derdriu profile image

Derdriu Hub Author 3 months ago

Alun, Yes, life can be so not fair. But on the other hand, it's clear that great minds think along similar channels since Stessily also admits to thinking of making the first comment to my first hub over the past month. Let me say that you have to watch out for Stessily since once she decides something of this order, she can be a pouncer.

We just don't know how Paul was able to make his prescient, scary bright choices. It's possible that color came into it. But then as you suggest, where does Serbia fit? It appears to be an exception, but is it really the rule and the actual key to Paul's spot-on predictions? We just don't have enough of a database so what seems to be the rule may or may not be so when situated within the context of an examination of all of Paul's lifetime choices. But I always would consider an Alunesque theory worthy of pursuit.

Thank you for the visit as well as for the ever wise insights and kindly comments when you visit my HubPage.

Respectfully, Derdriu

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