Jules Gravereaux and Roseraie du Val-de-Marne: A Paradise of the World's Roses in France

Jules Léopold Gravereaux (May 1, 1844-March 24, 1916) started out in March 1856 as an apprentice, at the age of 12, to a hatter, Monsieur Caillault, on rue du Bac in Paris, France. Two years later, at the age of 14, Jules began employment on the same street, at its corner with rue de Sèvres, in the haberdashery and novelty boutique of Aristide-Jacques Boucicaut (July 15, 1810-December 26, 1877) and Marguerite Guérin Boucicaut (January 3, 1816-December 8, 1887).

In 1848, the Boucicauts had become involved in the management of Au Bon Marché (today known, since 1989, as Le Bon Marché), founded by Paul and Justin Videau in 1838. By 1863 the Boucicauts achieved complete ownership with their buyout of the Videau brothers.

Jules advanced along with the success of Au Bon Marché. Briefly leaving from 1866 to 1870 to work for Les Grands Magasins du Louvre, Jules returned to Au Bon Marché, where he was associated with Gloves Umbrellas and Fans (Gants Ombrelles et Eventails). Jules became a member of the board of directors (conseil d'administration) in 1871.

Marriage in 1873: "I owe nothing, I possess 9,000 francs"

In 1873 Jules' residence, which was less than one mile (1.5 kilometers) from Au Bon Marché, was located on the Seine's left bank (rive gauche) at 9, rue de Seine, in Paris' desirable sixth administrative district (6e [sixième] arrondissement), known as the Luxembourg district (l'arrondissement du Luxembourg), the area of so many of Paris' architectural and cultural treasures. His fiancée, Laure Marie Alexandrine Thuillier (December 30, 1852-July 2, 1932), was residing, less than two miles (3 kilometers) away, with her parents, Alexis Eugène Thuillier (May 4, 1816-January 1893) and Philiberte Héloïse Gaultier Thuillier (September 21, 1825-October 8, 1893), on the right bank (rive droite) at 63, rue du Faubourg Montmartre, in the culturally trendy ninth district (9e [neuvième] arrondissement), known as the Opera district (l'arrondissement de l'Opéra).

On August 9, 1873 at 11:00 a.m., Jules married Laure in a civil ceremony in the ninth district's town hall (la Mairie du neuvième arrondissement de Paris). On August 1, 1873, Jules had written in his notebook:

“. . . .Eight days before my marriage: I owe nothing, I possess 9,000 francs.”

("... Huit jours avant mon mariage: je ne dois rien, je possède 9000 F".)

(Note: In 1873, one French franc was valued at 0.29032 grams of gold, one U.S. dollar, $1.00, was valued at 1.505 grams of gold, and the pound sterling was valued at 7.3224 grams of gold.)

Among Jules' and Laure's children: "dear daughter Rose" and "dear little Pierre"

Between 1874 and 1885, Laure gave birth to seven children --- three sons and four daughters. In a seemingly charmed life, Jules definitely experienced two wrenching disappointments: the death of two of his children in infancy, both noted with pain and sadness in his notebooks:

Henri Gravereaux (May 27, 1874-November 28, 1953)

René Gravereaux (November 10, 1875-October 29, 1960)

Blanche Gravereaux Alvarez del Campo (December 15, 1876-August 22, 1968)

Rose Gravereaux (December 15, 1876-March 11, 1878) --- Jules wrote: "Death of our dear daughter, Rose, at 1:00 in the afternoon, Monday - suffocating catarrh" ("Mort de notre fille chérie, Rose, à 1h après-midi, lundi - catarrhe suffocante"). Suffocating catarrh is synonymously known as capillary bronchitis or acute childhood pneumonia.

Pierre Gravereaux (December 31, 1878-November 7, 1879) --- Jules wrote: "Death of our dear little Pierre, at the age of 10 months 8 days from the hideous illness of croup” ("Mort de notre petit chéri Pierre, à l'âge de 10 mois et 8 jours de l’affreuse maladie du Croups").

Madeleine Gravereaux Villeminot (February 19, 1881-March 9, 1968)

Amélie Lili Gravereaux Ballu (May 16, 1885-February 14, 1960)

Purchases of property: from avenue de Villars in Paris in 1885 to rue Jean Jaurès in L'Haÿ in 1892

In 1885, Jules purchased two buildings: one at 4, avenue de Villars, in the seventh district (7e [septième] arrondissement), for 190,000 francs and the other on rue du Faubourg Poissonnière, in the ninth district, for 275,000 francs. For their family home in Paris, Jules selected the building on avenue de Villars, located in the same district as Au Bon Marché, the aristocratic Palace of the Bourbons district (l'arrondissement du Palais Bourbon) on the left bank.

In 1892, at age 48, Jules retired from Au Bon Marché and purchased a property at 1, rue Jean Jaurès for 220,000 francs in L'Haÿ, a small city (commune) about 6 miles (9 kilometers) south of Paris at 48°46'48" North latitude, 2°19'48" East longitude. L'Haÿ is 3 miles (5 kilometers) southwest of Jules' birthplace, Vitry-sur-Seine (48°46'48" North latitude, 2°24'0" East longitude).

The property included a manor, or country, house (petit château) in the Empire style built in the second half of the eighteenth century, possibly by architect Jean-Pierre Brulle who owned the domain in 1772. Reconstruction of the house was resumed by an architect surnamed Larseneur in 1804 for then-owner Henri Auguste (1759-1816), former goldsmith (l'orfèvre) to the doomed French King Louis XVI (August 23, 1754-January 21, 1793). Henri Auguste ended up fleeing to England in 1809 to escape a fraudulent bankruptcy judgment and died ultimately in Jamaica. Construction of stables and creation of an English garden (jardin à l'anglaise) are also attributed to this epoch.

Jules and Laure recalled the inimitable refined grandeur of the Empire style (1803-1821) by decorating their country home with furnishings in that style. Their son-in-law, Carlos Alvarez del Campo (January 7, 1867-July 1, 1930), oldest daughter Blanche's husband, advised Jules and Laure in their interior decorating and was also inspired to create silhouettes and rose designs for lampshades, all appropriately harmonious with the Empire style.

Retirement pursuit: photography or rhodology

Jules was enamored of photography and developed his photographs in his dark room in the mansion in L'Haÿ. Laure is credited with spurring him on to establish a rose garden as she was concerned that he was spending too much time indoors within the confines of his dark room and precious few moments outdoors in the fresh country air. Jules had became interested in roses during buying trips for Au Bon Marché to the northern French textile center of Roubaix, where he befriended a cotton manufacturer and avid hobby rose grower surnamed Nicolas. (Nicolas' son, Jean-Henri [August 13, 1875-September 25, 1937], found fame as an internationally renowned rose hybridizer.)

In 1894, as a result of Laure's enthusiastic prompting, Jules set about establishing a rosery in the property's kitchen garden (jardin potager). Inspired by his fragrant, visually stunning plantings, Jules undauntedly conceived the remarkable plan of creating a "Rose Garden of Intelligence" by gathering together every species of rose in the world. Devoting a garden to one genus was virtually unheard of at that time. A "Rose Garden of Intelligence" is achieved through complete knowledge and understanding of the Rosa genus. Jules studied as well as learned through practical experience in his test garden (jardin d'essai) and through worldwide contacts with other rose enthusiasts, botanists, horticulturists, rose breeders, and rose growers. In this way, Jules transformed himself into an esteemed rhodologist (Greek: ῥόδον, rhodon, "rose" + λόγoς, logos, "study").

By 1899, with his rosery comprising around 1,600 species and varieties, Jules presciently ascertained that his design required refinement. Thus, Jules invited pre-eminent late-nineteenth century French landscape architect (architecte paysagiste) Édouard François André (July 17, 1840 –October 25,1911) to create a formal design for his rosarium. The son of a nurseryman from the central French departmental capital of Bourges, André apprenticed with the municipal horticulturist of Angers, capital of the western French department of Maine-et-Loire, and attended the prestigious Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (MNHN) in Paris. André's international reputation was achieved by designing around one hundred public and private parks and public spaces, such as:

*** Sefton Park in England’s south Liverpool,

*** the parterre and topiary garden in Madeira Botanical Garden (Jardim Botânico da Madeira) in exotic Funchal in the North Atlantic’s breathtaking Madeira archipelago, and

*** Plaza Zabala in cosmopolitan Montevideo, capital of Uruguay (República Oriental del Uruguay) on the southeast coast of South America.

The essential design of Jules' garden by Édouard André comports with tightly geometric horizontal divisions of themed parterres enlivened vertically by archways, pergolas, statues, towers, trellises, and urns. The central axis of the garden runs from the Norman pavilion (pavillon normand) --- [see bottom right corner, above aerial view] --- which housed Jules' Rose Museum (Le musée de la Rose) and test laboratory, to the latticed Dome (Dôme), with its curving wings which extend gracefully into another set of longer, curving wings --- [see top left, above aerial view].

The Dome tops a Temple of Venus (le temple de Vénus) in whose shelter stands a reproduction of "La Baigneuse" ("The Bather"). The famous marble statue, sculpted in 1757 by Étienne Maurice Falconet (December 1, 1716 – January 4, 1791), was seized from the collection of Jeanne Bécu, comtesse du Barry (August 19, 1743–December 8, 1793), during the French Revolution (1789-1799) and added to the Louvre by 1855.

Jules' Rose Museum (Le musée de la Rose) in the Norman-style pavillion encompassed almost 11,000 rosy items which Jules carefully collected from all over the world. Fossil remains were exhibited in the herbarium corner of the museum. Porcelains and textiles were displayed. Also hanging in the museum were paintings by the best of French contemporary rose artists: Madeleine Lemaire (May 24, 1845-1928), Louise Abbéma (October 30, 1853–July 10, 1927), Gustave Bienvêtu (exhibited 1877-1914), Georges Jeannin (1841-1925), Ernest Filliard (1868-1933), and Achille Théodore Cesbron (1849-1913). A library contained scientific treatises, and

"Thousands of tales, sonnets, odes, and fables demonstrate the influence of the Queen of Flowers on the literature of every country." (Jules Gravereaux, p. 187 [1917])

In between these two axial endpoint structures, a central garden basks. At its center, highlighted by the colorational spectrum of modern roses in mass plantings, a rectangular pool, embellished with concave corners, serenely reflects the amenable sinuosities of 'Alexandre Girault' roses, newly introduced in 1909, atop the Dome against the inverted magic of clouds and sky in this beguilingly fragrant, ornamental setting.

By 1902, Jules' rosery encompassed 4,000 varieties of cultivated roses and 900 species of wild roses.

By 1910, Jules had realized his goal of representing all known roses in his rosery, which totalled 8,000 different species and varieties. Further reorganization and expansion of the rosery were necessitated to accommodate adequately this ultimate collection. Jules' son, Henri, was entrusted with the project, which expanded Édouard André's designs and configured the rosery into its present contours.

Rosy honors: flowering Roseraie du Parc de Bagatelle

In 1905, the city of Paris purchased Parc de Bagatelle from its owner, Sir John Murray Scott (1834-1912), who had inherited the property from English philanthropic art collector Sir Richard Wallace (June 21, 1818-July 20, 1890). Situated in the northern sector of the vast Bois de Boulogne, Parc de Bagatelle is located in Paris' fashionable, très upscale sixteenth district (16e [seizième] arrondissement), known as Passy district (l’arrondissement de Passy), on the Seine's right bank.

A rose garden was brilliantly created in the southern sector of Parc de Bagatelle by Jean-Claude Nicolas Forestier (January 9, 1861-October 26, 1930), famed French landscape architect who at the time was curator of the city's parks and gardens (conservateur des parcs et jardins de la ville de Paris). Jules generously donated 1,200 rose bushes from his own rosery to the Bagatelle rose garden.

This rose garden was the place where Napoléon Eugène Louis Jean Joseph (March 16, 1856-June 1, 1879), Prince Imperial, Fils de France, great-nephew of Napoléon I (August 15, 1769 –May 5, 1821), practiced his cavalry skills under the watchful, loving gaze of his mother, the last French empress, Eugénie de Montijo (May 5, 1826–11 July 11, 1920). (The prince later tragically died at age 23 while on a scouting party during the Anglo-Zulu War [January 11-July 4, 1879]. He was wounded from eighteen assagai [Arabic: az-zaġāyah, "spear"] which riddled his bloody body. When his mother travelled to Africa to find his body, the Empress Eugénie was intuitively drawn to his hasty grave and was greatly aggrieved by his badly decomposed corpse which had been ritually disembowelled.) A commemorative kiosk, the Empress's kiosk (le kiosque de l'impératrice), with a superb vista of the Seine, overlooks the rose garden.

The opening of Roseraie du Parc de Bagatelle in 1907 also inaugurated the International Competition for New Roses (Concours International de Roses Nouvelles de Bagatelle), an annual competition conceived by Jean-Claude and Jules which is held in June and has been well attended and regarded since its inception. In 1910 fourth place was awarded to 'Commandeur Jules Gravereaux', a Hybrid Perpetual rose with an intoxicating fragrance emitted from dazzling, large, peony-like red flowers, centrally shading to maroon. 'Commandeur Jules Gravereaux' was introduced in 1908 by Jean-Baptiste Croibier et Fils, rose growers (rosiéristes) in Vénissieux, a southeastern suburb of Lyon in eastern France.

Rosy honors: reflowering Château de Malmaison

Château de Malmaison, in Rueil-Malmaison, about 7 miles (12 kilometers) west of Paris, was purchased in April 1797 by Joséphine de Beauharnais (June 23, 1763-May 29, 1814). As the first wife of France's first emperor, Napoléon Bonaparte (August 15, 1769-May 5, 1821), Joséphine was France’s first empress (première impératrice des Français), from December 2, 1804 until her divorce on December 16, 1809. As happens so often with historic buildings, Château de Malmaison subsequently suffered from the ravages of time and neglect, so that the once elegant estate, famed for its rose garden and heated orangery, was in shambles at the time of its purchase in 1896 by philanthropic financier Daniel Iffla-Osiris (July 25, 1825-February 4, 1907). After an extensive renovation under the direction of the renowned father-son French architectural restoration team of Pierre Humbert (born 1848) and Marcel Joseph Humbert (1877-1918), Daniel Iffla-Osiris gifted Château de Malmaison to France.

At the request of Jean Ajalbert (June 10, 1863-January 14, 1947), curator of Château de Malmaison from 1907 to 1917, Jules' expertise was sought in recreating the Malmaison's lost, famed rose garden. Jules extensively researched the types and varieties of roses which were available prior to 1815. The most invaluable resource for Jules was the illustrations painted by Belgian botanical artist Pierre-Joseph Redouté (July 10, 1759–June 19, 1840), known as the "Raphael of flowers" (le Raphaël des fleurs). Jules succeeded in restoring 198 of the 250 types and varieties of roses which had adorned Malmaison. Jules provided live specimens from his own rosery for the planting which occurred at Malmaison in November 1911.

In 1983 Malmaison Alley (l’allée de la Malmaison), specifically planted in his rosery by Jules in duplication of every rose at Malmaison, again provided roses for replanting in Joséphine's treasured rose garden.

Rosy honors: renaming a city

In 1914, L'Haÿ officially changed its name to L'Haÿ-les-Roses in recognition of the fame achieved by Jules' rosery.

Rosy honors: honorary titles

Jules Gravereaux attained worldwide recognition for his expertise in roses and especially for his rosery, which was uniquely a living history of this universally admired floral symbol of elegance and beauty. Honorary titles were bestowed upon this dedicated, self-made rhodologist by his countrymen, including:

*** Honorary President of the Rose Section of the French National Horticultural Society (Président d’honneur de la Section des roses de la Société Nationale d’Horticulture de France)

*** Honorary President of the French Rose Growers’ Society (Président d’honneur de la Société des Rosiéristes Français)

With his devotion to this second career which happily consumed his retirement, Jules certainly was moved by these honors. Nevertheless, as a citizen of la belle France, he must have especially treasured his decorations as Officer of the Legion of Honour (Officier de la Légion d’Honneur) and as Commander of Agricultural Merit (Commandeur du Mérite Agricole).

A desirable preservation: "sufficient artistic and historical interest"

Roseraie de L'Haÿ remained in the Gravereaux family until 1936, when ownership passed to the Department of the Seine (département de la Seine), a French administrative division. With the abolition of that department on January 1, 1968, management of Roseraie de L'Haÿ was secured by the newly created département du Val-de-Marne. Roseraie de L'Haÿ is now known as Roseraie du Val-de-Marne, a name change which occurred in 1994, the rosery's centenary year. Since 1970, its splendid manor house has been the residence of the sub-prefect (sous-préfet) for Val-de-Marne's western district (arrondissement) of L'Haÿ-les-Roses.

In recognition of the garden's singularity in theme and design, of its influence on public and private rosaria in the early twentieth century, and of its significance as a fine example of the masterful creativity of Édouard François André, the rosarium and its historic buildings (Norman pavilion, stables, and petit château) were inscribed on August 10, 2005 on the Supplementary List of Historic Monuments (l’Inventaire Supplémentaire des Monuments Historiques). Inscription necessitates the active consideration of the roseraie's environment in assuring the entire property's preservation. The inscription decree began:

"Considering that the Rosery. . .created in 1899 by the collector-rhodologist Jules Gravereaux and by the renowned landscape architect Edouard André. . .presents sufficient artistic and historical interest to make its preservation desirable. . ." ("Considérant que la Roseraie. . .créée en 1899 par le collectionneur rhodologue Jules Gravereaux et par l’architecte paysagiste de renom Edouard André. . .présente un intérêt d’art et d’histoire suffisant pour en rendre désirable la préservation. . .") ("Arrêté de classement N°2005/1618")

"...the Rose garden should not be made for ourselves alone..."

Jules Gravereaux once observed:

"Many lovers of the Rose will, I think, consider as I do, that the Rose garden should not be made for ourselves alone but also for the Rose. . ." (Jules Gravereaux, p. 18 [1914])

Jules organized his rosery according to what was best for roses, and the result was an endearing paradise. Jules also understood that a rose garden which is secluded or completely private is not a living history, for a living history of roses provides a panorama for present-moment events so that the present is played out in the context of vintage and modern roses.

A very successful undertaking in this rosy venue was open-air theatre (le théâtre de verdure, literally, "theatre of greenery"). Known, of course, as Theatre of the Rose (le Théâtre de Rose), the stage featured a Temple of Venus modeled on the temple at the Petit Trianon, the mid-eighteenth century manor house on the grounds of the Palace at Versailles which had provided an enchanting reprieve for doomed Queen Marie Antoinette (November 2, 1755–October 16, 1793). The rosy temple was flanked with colonnaded wings in which were displayed reproductions of dancers sculpted by Antonio Canova (November 1, 1757–October 13, 1822).

The impetus behind this artistic celebration of roses was the Rosati Society (La société des Rosati), founded on June 12, 1778, at Blangy, near Arras, in the far north of France, and dedicated to paying festive, literary tributes to the rose. Rose-themed plays, ballets, and music were performed in the Theatre of the Rose by some of the most popular artists of the day:

*** modern dancer Isadora Duncan (May 27, 1877-September 14, 1927),

*** multi-careered poet-filmmaker Jean Cocteau (July 5, 1889–October 11, 1963),

*** Paris Opera (l'Opéra de Paris) ballerina Emma Sandrini (1871-1927),

*** Comédie-Française actress Cécile Sorel (September 17, 1873-September 3, 1966),

*** dramatic soprano Félia Litvinne (October 11, 1860–October 12, 1936).

Constructed circa 1905, the theatre flagged with the onset of World War I (July 28, 1914-November 11, 1918) and heard its death knell with Jules' death on March 23, 1916.

Jules and his garden today: still "the Eden of rose gardens, the king of rose gardens"

Today Roseraie du Val-de-Marne throbs with activity year-round, from upkeep by gardeners to research and studies by botanists and horticulturists to cultural events and workshops, especially during the summer. An open-air theatre has been established where a popular series, “Parfums de Musiques” ("Musical Scents"), takes place during the first two weekends in June. In 2011 musical traditions of Azerbaijan, Haiti, Kyrgyzstan, Nepal, New Caledonia, and Rajasthan were featured. As a participant in the national program, Rendez-vous aux jardins ("Rendez-vous in the gardens"), Roseraie du Val-de-Marne offers a range of workshops and activities during the first weekend of June. In 2011 the Rendez-vous theme at Roseraie was the nourishing garden, with a highlight being floral drinks at the "Flowers Bar."

Cultural events are further enhanced by the renovation of the Norman pavilion. Closed at the end of August 2009 for almost two years, the pavilion was updated into a single social and reception area. The pavilion reopened to great fanfare only recently on June 9, 2011.

Édouard André once proclaimed:

"L'Haÿ is the Eden of the rose garden! Gravereaux is the King of the rose garden!" ("L'Haÿ rosarum Eden! Gravereaux rosarum Rex!")

After more than a century, despite the ravages and neglect imposed by two world wars, Roseraie du Val-de-Marne is considered one of the most important rose gardens in the world. This Eden of rose gardens still enchants and enthralls, no small testament to the timeless vision that was inspired by one generous man's love of roses.

My special thanks to talented photographers and concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet:

*** La Demeure Historique for photos of "Climbing roses," "Archways", "Aerial view", "Temple of Love, draped with 'Alexandre Girault', with reflection in pool" (Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license)

*** e-dredon for April 22, 2007 Flickr photo closeups (Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 2.0 Generic license)

*** Dk58-Renaud for June 5, 2010 Flickr photo, "'La Baigneuse' in the Temple of Venus" (Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic license)

*** Caroline Potez-Delpuech for 03/06/07 photos, "Dôme de la Roseraie du Val-de-Marne" and "Roseraie du Val-de-Marne" and 10/07/07 photo (Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.5 Generic license)

*** Bernard Fontaines for June 24, 2009 Panoramio photo (ID 2376305) (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported license)

*** besopha for June 22, 2010 and May 2011 Flickr photos (Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 Generic license)

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This hub is dedicated to the memory of Jules Gravereaux in recognition of his grand contributions to the history, culture, and appreciation of roses and in honor of his great, amiable spirit.

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Copyright Sunday July 24, 2011 by Derdriu